When should we bring our troops home from Iraq Essay

When should we bring our soldiers home from Iraq - Essay Example On nineteenth September 2005, in a joint question and answer session with then President George Bush, Jalal Talabani, the occupant and sixth President of Iraq, was cited saying that, â€Å"We will set no plan for withdrawal, Mr. President.A schedule will enable the fear based oppressors, to will support them that they could overcome the superpower of the world and the Iraqi people† (GOLIATH, 2005). 6 years, 455 Bn dollars and more than 4421 military passings later (Congressional Research Service, 2010), Mr. Talabani’s words on ‘timetable’ still remain constant with the current 50,000 US military boots on the grounds of Iraq. Since its initiation, Iraq war has been exposed to discusses beginning right from the avocation of war, official and informal causes, remote and country open help, and troops withdrawal. Despite the fact that a semi withdrawal cutoff time was set by the status of drives understanding away from Iraq by 31 December 2011 (Congressional Res earch Service, 2009), however the real factors behind the real troop withdrawal are as yet soft as depicted by Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates on April seventh 2011 (BBC News, 2011). The issue of troops withdrawal isn't only an issue of date however is a tangled circumstance of geopolitics, business (read oil), outside and philanthropic approach objectives, rebellions, adjustment and maintainability. It is advantageous to note or think about on whether the soldiers should come back from Iraq today, tomorrow or ought to have done it yesterday. America and Iraq †Looking back at recent years The Republic of Iraq, when a safe house to the most punctual civic establishments (Mesopotamia) on the planet, turned into a grieved shadow of its past with multi-ethnic conflicts and brutality, uncouth fascisms, strict bigotries and enthusiasm, social and financial partitions and a rich save of â€Å"black gold†. On twentieth March 2003, President Bush pronounced war against Iraq as American powers appended the center east country from its southern fringe. Before the declaration, US had accumulated universal help and partnerships with UK, Australia, Canada and Netherlands to battle Iraq. Reasons of battle interruption of US partnered powers in this Arab nation have been begging to be proven wrong since the war began. The official defense of Operation Iraqi Freedom (official name of Iraq war) introduced by US to the UN Security Council and by President Bush in his State of Union Address as (1) to obliterate Saddam Hussain's (Reigning radical despot of Iraq) weapons of mass pulverization (WMD); (2) to dispense with the danger of worldwide fear mongering; and (3) to advance majority rule government in Iraq and encompassing zones (CNN, 2003). In coming years, these reasons would turn into the focal point of savage discussion and a risk for the Bush Administration to guard both to America and the remainder of the world. Informal reasons why America was hauled into the inside stage in Arab world are estimated to be (1) to control the oil stores of Iraq, Israel-US relations (Perezalonso, 2006) and to offer an American expression of impact in the Middle east. Regardless of whether the war was legitimized or not, America was in disordered and crisis circumstance. Iraq saw Saddam Hussain’s catch in 2003, Evidence of American military personnel’s misuse and torment of detainees in 2004, First Iraqi political race in 2005, Saddam’s execution in 2005, Insurgency in 2007 and Stabilization endeavors since 2008. The all out expense of war was evaluated to be 3 Trillion dollars (Washington Post, 2010). Aside from anticipated causalities and financial misfortune, the significant results of the Iraq war have been (1) Deconstruction of Iraq (2) Possible radical strengthening of in Middle East and (3) US Hegemony in danger (Hinnebusch, 2007). The war was likewise a significant reason for banter in US Elections 2008 and was one of the ele ments that prompted choose of President Barack Obama. Would it be a good idea for us to bring our soldiers back home? Since the time, Bush Administration conceded that deception of Iraq’s ownership of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) contention (Usborne, 2003), open

Needs Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Needs Assessment - Essay Example A few assets have likewise been saved for buying the composing materials and different materials that will get utilized during the time spent information investigation. The board of trustees has had the option to gauge the expense of materials that will get utilized in information portrayal and has saved a few assets to provide food for this. The panel has planned for some caffeinated drinks just as rewards, especially for the individuals who will be lead eye to eye premise of meetings. The group has additionally recruited people with guiding callings to offer their advising administration to those understudies who are in danger of liquor use. In spite of the fact that restricted somewhat, our spending plan has taken into account guarantee those taking alcohols will diminish their utilization and utilization of alcoholic items, with the point of causing them to stop. At long last, the advisory group has had the option to set aside a few assets to cook for the recovery programs for the understudies who are issue consumers. The activity has employed a few physiologists, who are going to take clinical intercession for those with clinical and physiological conditions and since these require some specific considerations (Borck, 501). Borck, Cornelius. Imparting the Modern Body: Fritz Kahns Popular Images of Human Physiology as an Industrialized World. Canadian Journal of Communicationâ 32.3 (2007): 495-520. ProQuest. Web. 19 Mar.

Cloning Essays (464 words) - Molecular Biology, Genetics, Cloning

Cloning Essays (464 words) - Molecular Biology, Genetics, Cloning Cloning The new achievement of cloning is an extraordinary development in biotechnology. The utilization of cloning can be both useful and unsafe to society. There are numerous sensible approaches to utilize the strategies for cloning. For example, the utilization for clinical purposes can be useful in cases for example, delivering creatures with human body frameworks that could be utilized for transplanting organs. It tends to be an important advantage for our general public in that manner. It very well may be hurtful on the off chance that it is opened for use in the overall population since it could cause numerous issues if an inappropriate individuals become associated with it. As expressed in Times Magazine, this is a forward leap in innovation and it is unthinkable for the administration to preclude anybody to not utilize cloning. It is another law of nature that is being resisted and the legislature can't remove that. In the field of medication, cloning can be an extremely helpful strategy. It isn't just barely having the option to recreate the qualities, however to have the option to move them and to examine them. It would be conceivable to contemplate organs of the human body to figure out how they can change them to cause them to recover after injury. Likewise, the methods of replicating qualities and duplicating DNA could help in discovering solutions for specific sicknesses and disarranges. Researchers can take DNA from solid cells and duplicate it at that point infuse it into an unfortunate cell to offset the ?terrible? qualities. I don't concur with the utilization of cloning for human reason with the goal for guardians to ?pick? their youngster. In the first place, by replicating attributes that guardians want would foul up the decent variety of society. In the event that everybody had the option to pick what qualities their kid would have, a great many people would decide on the attributes of popular individuals who are either amazingly shrewd or who are extraordinarily attractive. The age of the ?clone individuals? would be so comparative in perspectives and in character what's more, the world would turn into an exhausting spot, if that were the situation. Other than the world getting extremely exhausting, there are different variables to consider. The replication and duplicating of DNA can some of the time cause harm to the hereditary code. For this situation, it is feasible for hereditary clutters emerge. On the off chance that an example of DNA is taken from a more youthful individual to duplicate, that individual could be conveying a code for a type of turmoil whose indications would not appear until some other time in the person?s life. Thusly, the specific code that would be replicated to make another human conveys that clutter. I think the new advancement is exceptionally fascinating and has numerous unanswered questions.. There are numerous things that should be sifted through, for example, who can utilize cloning furthermore, how it will be controlled so it doesn't cause issues. It is horrible to see such an extraordinary advancement be mishandled by an inappropriate people.

Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi)

Remote Direct Investment (Fdi)     Investment done by an outside individual or organization in gainful ability of another nation is what is implied by remote venture. It is the development of capital from the national outskirt in such a manner tat it gives the financial specialist the all out power over the obtained resource. FDI for the most part moves both physical capital and impalpable resources, for example, innovation among countries. According to standard development speculations, the main considerations driving monetary development are capital collection and mechanical advancement. Outside direct venture assumes a significant job in the monetary advancement of the host country. It goes about as a take off platform to the financial, social, infrastructural, mechanical advancements of many host nations. This is a period of globalized world economy and remote direct venture is the significant main impetus behind the relationship of national economies.       FDI has a significant job in taking the economy of the host nation a long ways ahead. The monetarily creating just as the immature nations are reliant on the financially evolved nations for money related help which would assist them with achieving some monetary steadiness. Throughout the previous twenty years any type of remote direct speculation has picked up in a great deal of capital information and innovative assets into the economy of a nation.       Foreign direct speculation is a basic and unavoidable piece of national formative plans. There are numerous positive angles for FDI for which it is invited by all countries all around. It has become a necessary instrument for activating monetary development for countries everywhere. FDI is knowledgeable in using human asset in the best path because of which high profitability is gotten. Outside direct speculation has picked up prominence around the world.       Though the vast majority of the FDI streams is predominantly situated in the created countries, it is a lot of critical for creating nations also (allude figure 1). According to the figure between 1990-2000 the total abundance of the creating countries almost became multiple times and its all out exchange volume shot more than five folds, FDI streaming into the creating nations developed to18 times. Due to private direct speculations, the contribution of creating nations in the worldwide creation organize expanded extensively.       Foreign direct speculation rolled out intense improvements in the economy of the host nation. The framework of the host nation expanded extensively. Mechanical advancement was likewise made conceivable. The expectation for everyday comforts of the average folks of the host nation likewise improved because of remote direct speculation. FDI turned as an aid to the host nation as the development and advancement made by it was wonderful as it not just improved the monetary states of the country, it additionally could improve the social conditions. Again the wellbeing segment of the host nation could likewise create in light of outside direct venture. Sorts of FDI:      Foreign direct venture can be characterized into two sorts. They are Greenfield speculation and Mergers and Acquisition. Greenfield venture      Direct speculation by an outside organization or individual in new pursuit or extending by developing new offices in the current regions in the host nation is known as green field venture. This kind of FDI is done in creating nations like India where worldwide organizations fabricate new associations. Remote organizations even recruit workers from the host nations there by making openings for work. Creating countries gives spellbinding offers like tax cuts, endowments and motivators to the remote organizations so as to draw in them. Losing corporate expense is immaterial when contrasted with preferences to FDI.      Benefits of Greenfield speculation are a few. In sourcing is done there by expanding business openings .Also representatives are paid more than those working in residential firms. Remote nations put resources into Research and improvement because of which the innovation of the host nation expands .Knowledge is bestowed to the impeded segments moreover. They continue extending business by placing in progressively capital speculations. Countries human capital gets used there by boosting up economy. Mergers and Acquisition:     It is an essential kind of outside direct speculation.      Mergers and Acquisitions happen when move of existing resources from a neighborhood firm to remote firm is finished. There are no drawn out advantages to the nearby economy. At the point when authority over resources and tasks are moved from host to outside organization, cross outskirt procurement happens. At the point when resources and tasks from various countries are made to a solitary new legitimate substance, cross outskirt merger happens. Prohibited Territories:      Foreign direct venture isn't permitted in all divisions. In India it is limited to specific territories, for example, Arms and ammo, Atomic Energy, Railway Transport, Coal and lignite, mining of iron, manganese, chromium, gypsum, sulfur, gold, precious stones, copper, zinc and so forth. Certain different segments might be limited in different nations for FDI. Approaches to advance monetary turn of events      Several contemplates have been led with respect to outside direct venture and financial turn of events. The outcomes acquired from the examinations were somewhat clashing and not solid. A few examinations demonstrated that the financial improvement in the host nations were just passing. Certain examinations show that there is no such impact. The linkage between the turn of events and FBI is discovered confounding and the outcomes vary for every nation. A few examinations find that there are benefits. As an outcome of outside speculation representatives delighted in more prominent compensation that those working in the local field. Some didn't examine this advantage.      Policies which I would prescribe a host nation government to embrace towards outside financial specialists so as to advance monetary improvement are as per the following.      Foreign ventures are actually an essential piece of financial improvement of a host country, especially monetarily creating and financially immature countries. So a host government ought to pull in outside direct financial specialists to the nation on the off chance that they accept the task would bring positive yields. For that the host government needs to give fascinating motivating forces, endowments, tax reductions and so forth. There is huge rivalry among countries to bring remote financial specialists home so their nation could create in all terms. The host government needs to demonstrate the outside speculators right excessively so as to get more ventures the specific field and furthermore because of which they make their psyche to put resources into different areas moreover. The host nation specialists can offer preparing to the two laborers and chiefs; innovative preparing with the goal that outside financial specialists get pulled in as there is gracefully of HR. By receiving these techniques if that specific financial specialist succeeds, that achievement will provoke another speculator to the host nation.    Spillover benefits do exist, however not internationally. Mostly those advantages are delighted in by monetarily creating and immature host countries. Each host nation varies in its economy, human asset, innovative progressions, instructive quality, rivalry and its approaches towards remote direct venture (FDI).

Locked in the Cabinet Free Essays

Composed by the 22nd Labor Secretary of the United States Robert Reich, Locked in the Cabinet seems, by all accounts, to be composed with respectable objectives and expectations. That is, â€Å"to connect the enlarging hole between the rich and the poor.† Robert Reich is a companion of previous United States President Bill Clinton for a long time and finished having incredibly restricting perspectives. We will compose a custom article test on Secured in the Cabinet or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now He ended up being a disappointed individual from Clinton’s bureau. He brought up the disappointment of Clinton’s organization to satisfy its planned points and jobs to support its constituents. The book was bundled like a diary with sections with their particular dates. The diary was dated on the multi year length of the main term of Bill Clinton. The book shows a fragmentary-like type of a day by day account with the predetermined time when the occasion happened. In this book, he utilized a series of illustrations to introduce his focuses in an innovative manner, maybe. In the book, Clinton was treated with wavering. Reich didn't intentionally expressed â€Å"President Bill Clinton† in the book. He would allude to a certain â€Å"Bill† who, he stated, his long-lasting companion. He was, maybe, additionally thinking about their kinship while scrutinizing the initiative of his own one of a kind dear companion. It is praiseworthy that Reich targets overcoming any issues between the rich and poor. He focused on his being a liberal who has consistently been prepared to battle for the privileges of their constituents. For him, being liberal is giving an individual his privileges. He focused on the significance of giving such in light of the fact that it is the principle job and capacity of the legislature, in any case. As a liberal work secretary, he upheld the privileges of each specialist particularly their appropriate for a pay increment. He even attempted to persuade organization proprietors and producers notâ to utilize their forces against the striking laborers. These laborers are simply airing their privileges and slants, in any case. Relating to the authentic job and elements of the legislature in a private endeavor economy, he worried the job of the administration on giving the altogether benefits that a laborer ought to have. He pushed for wage increment among the laborers in the United States. He focused on the significance of a â€Å"government intervention† in pushing for the privileges of the laborers. Regardless of whether Clinton is his long-term and dear companion, it didn't stop him in voicing out his reactions towards Clinton’s unacceptable initiative through his book. He said that Clinton’s organization didn't have a clue what ought to be organized and appeared to overlook what the reason for his coming to Washington. He related that Clinton had the authority yet didn't have the enough fortitude to produce results what is best for the individuals. Yet, at that point, his failure over Clinton’s arrangements and organization has consistently been dominated by his fondness towards his long-term companion. He sees contemporary American strategies as a â€Å"disaster† which doesn't really react to the genuine needs of their constituents. He obtusely censured all that he thinks not in the correct spot. I absolutely concur with his idea of progressivism. He thinks about the â€Å"liberation† of each individual’s rights. He set forth the significance of giving everybody of what is because of him. As a legislator, it on the money for him to have the heart for the persecuted and not for the oppressor. He has indicated worry for the upside of the individuals. It is only that he was â€Å"locked in the cabinet.† He suggested that restrictions of being an individual from a bureau. It may create the impression that bureau individuals have all the ability to produce results expert individuals arrangements and activities, however at that point, they are exposed to the bureaucracy’s endorsement. He utilized numerous hidden topics in his book. This to some degree gave a contort on the sharp suppositions that he needs to introduce. He conceded that he is to be sure a baffled secretary who wanted that everybody would hear his and the society’s predicament. Reich’s book is extremely useful. It is stunning how he can present such disputable disclosures given that Clinton is his dear companion. He introduced his point valiantly deserting no missed point. I surmise he just indicated a target setting of the circumstance of Clinton’s organization and the United States government framework when all is said in done, especially to the work segment. With no uncertainty, he appeared, through his book, his profound worry for individuals. Then again, the book, behind its dazzling fundamental subjects, additionally got reactions, maybe from the individuals who were behind the organization of Clinton. They guaranteed that Reich’s work was much the same as an anecdotal work and even asserted that it is an insignificant purposeful publicity. They included that Reich’s guarantee were not reasonable by any stretch of the imagination. All things considered, I surmise, they simply need to see the master plan. I accept that Reich has respectable objectives and points as he introduced his focuses in the book. Obviously, Reich’s book merits a tribute. He accomplished his function admirably as the work secretary battling for the workers’ rights. Individuals in the legislature ought to get a duplicate of his book right away. Reference: Reich, R. (1997). Secured in the Cabinet (first ed.). Norwalk, CT: Easton Press.        Step by step instructions to refer to Locked in the Cabinet, Essay models

Help From the Best Medical School Essay Examples

Help From the Best Medical School Essay ExamplesThe best way to get a real job in today's medical field is to become an expert on medical school essays. Through the best written essays, the level of the education and the motivation to excel will skyrocket.To get into medical school essay samples that are truly helpful, you should be very motivated to gain that knowledge and apply it to your career. Though this is extremely difficult to do for most people, in order to achieve a level of knowledge and mastery, you must be willing to work hard in order to develop a new set of skills. When you work at your job doing what you do best, you become more confident and willing to learn new things that help you excel.Though there are plenty of opportunities for you to find information and support about how to develop these skills, there are not many medical school essay samples that teach you the need to develop new abilities. When you are faced with a written assignment, you must become a prob lem solver and look for ways to turn any difficulties into an opportunity to learn and improve. For this reason, learning from the best essay examples is critical to achieving your educational goals.You can find essay samples on the internet that can be easily downloaded and read. With the help of these essays, you can learn the important things to include in your medical school applications. If you have personal experience or take pride in your academic achievements, you will understand the value of gaining knowledge to write a strong application. This allows you to answer questions and make the case for why you deserve to get a job in the medical field.Aside from reading through the guidelines on how to apply, you should also try to locate written essays written by someone who has been through the process and you can then utilize their experiences to assist people in your own position. Many of the best-written essays are written by the person who has gone through the job and has c ome out a winner. By knowing how to apply and the importance of being effective, you are giving yourself a head start over the competition. To accomplish this, it is important to find the best medical school essay samples and to read them carefully so that you understand their true intent.Most of the professionals who have gone through the challenges have found great success and have taken full advantage of the opportunities they have been provided by a reputable health care professional, a professional development program, or someone who has excelled in the field. By reviewing the excellent documents that the best essay examples have offered, you will learn what to write and how to write it. You can be assured that by creating a customized solution that is tailored to your own situation, you will be able to thrive. This is a win-win situation for you and the employer that are looking for someone who can show a level of skill and intellect in writing that will help them find that pe rfect candidate.A way to ensure that you find the best essay samples is to keep an eye out for recent books and articles that are written by professionals in the medical field that are easily accessible on the internet. These tips will help you avoid the pitfalls that others have fallen into and will give you a chance to develop the skills necessary to be successful in your own career. There are many excellent resources that can give you the tools that you need to develop the skills you need to succeed.While you can find an abundance of information and assistance on applying for medical school essays, there is a problem. Most people do not understand what is required to develop a quality application for the kind of career they want. If you take the time to search through essay samples and pick the ones that offer the most insightful information on medical school applications, you will be well on your way to achieving your educational goals.

Animal Testing In Cosmetics - Free Essay Example

Before a thorough analysis of the public policy can be done, it is important to understand why this topic is a social problem worthy of discussion. Animal testing is defined as, Use of animals in experiments and development projects usually to determine toxicity, dosing and efficacy of test drugs before proceeding to human clinical trials (Animal Testing). The use of animal testing dates back to the earliest time in history. The earliest evidence of animal testing is from descriptions of the dissection of live animals in 500 BC from Greek writings. During this time, animals were being used in an attempt to discover the functions of living organisms (Procon). The use of animals in cosmetic testing began in the 1940s as a result of the tipping point in which hundreds of people suffered from serious injuries after being exposed to unsafe beauty products. This was mainly caused by the passing of the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FDC) in 1938, which increased guidelines on the safety of cosmetic products. In reaction to this act, many companies looked to animals in order to test their products and meet the new safety guidelines (National Anti-Vivisection Society). Beginning in the 2000s, many companies have started to stop using animal testing on their products, largely due to complaints by customers. In 2014, the Humane Cosmetics Act, HR 4148, was introduced by Republican congressman Jim Moran. This bill aims to ensure that animals are not harmed in the manufacturing of cosmetic products, and is the first federal bill to be introduced to prohibit animal testing for cosmetics produced and sold in the United States (The Humane Society). Despite continued widespread support, this bill has not received a hearing on the floor, so no significant progress has been made in the passing of this bill. There are two sides to this policy debate. One side is that animal testing for cosmetics should be legal, while the other is that animal testing for cosmetics should be banned. On one hand, some believe that animal testing for cosmetics should be legal because it is necessary in order to prove the safety of cosmetic products. Additionally, scientists state that animals are the closest bodies to humans and thus can most effectively produce accurate results on the safety of products. On the other hand, some believe that animal testing for cosmetics should be banned because it is cruel and inhumane. Those who are against animal testing argue that new technology has been developed and now provides better alternatives to animal testing. In addition, many say that it is unnecessary because an abundant amount of ingredients have already been proven safe to use in cosmetics, so there is no need to continue to test new ingredients. The side that is for animal testing wants to keep the current laws and does not want any new laws to be passed. In contrast, the side that is against animal testing wants to pass new laws to ban animal testing in cosmetics (Procon). This is a social problem because there is an element of harm to thousands of animals who are being used in the testing. Additionally, it impacts people who do not know each other because people across the world have very strong beliefs on the issue. It has also spanned generations and elicits political action because the government must decide on public policy in order to solve the social problem. Subjectively, many people believe that animal testing is unethical because animals are being tortured for cosmetic gains, while others believe that the testing is necessary for advancement in cosmetic products. On the other side, objectively, many animals have died of torture while products are being tested on them, but many discoveries have been made with the results. Each year, over 100,000 animals are killed in the United States for cosmetic testing, but thousands of ingredients and new products are being produced as a result of these testings. (Humane Society International). Another objective condition is that many alternatives to animal testing have been created and are proven to be just as effective. For example, when using in-vitro testing, the accuracy of the safety results went from just 60% with animal testing to 80-90% using this alternative method (New England). The core value tension represented by the debate over animal testing for cosmetics is law vs. ethics. Law vs. ethics essentially means that the laws that govern the country and the ethical principles that guide ones behavior are not always in harmony. However, these tensions can help to improve the legal system and keep it in line with societys changing ethics (Mckown, 2018). In animal testing for cosmetics specifically, the laws are clear in that there are no bans on animal testing and therefore it is allowed. However, according to a 2017 Gallup study, 44% of American adults think that animal testing is unethical, which is up significantly from 26% in 2001 (Swetlitz, 2017). This demonstrates the tension between citizens ethical beliefs and the laws that are governing them. As the percentage of Americans against animal testing increases, the laws are likely to move towards animal testing becoming illegal. Animal testing in the cosmetic industry continues to be relevant today through regulations, state laws being passed, and national bills being proposed. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for the enforcement of the FDC Act to ensure that cosmetics are safe and properly labeled. The FDC Act does not specifically require the use of animals for testing ingredients for cosmetics, but it also does not ban it. Under the current law, it is up to the cosmetic companies to establish the safety of the ingredients and finished cosmetic product in whichever way they choose (U.S. Food Drug Administration). Additionally, on August 24, 1966 the Animal Welfare Act was passed, which is the only Federal law that regulates the treatment of animals in research. This law sets up a minimum acceptable standard of treatment towards animals, but has highly criticized by activist groups against animal testing that it is to lax and not enforced well (United States Department of Agriculture). On August 31, 2018, California passed the Cruelty-Free Cosmetics Act, which banned all beauty products that were tested on animals, or include ingredients tested on animals, by 2020. This makes California the first U.S. state to take this step to end animal testing in cosmetics. This type of legislation has been proposed in numerous states and to Congress, but California is the first state to actually pass a law (Mackenzie, 2018). The major key players involved include the U.S. Congress, who passed the FDC Act with the FDA being responsible for enforcing the law, and Californias State Assembly, as they have pass ed the Cruelty-Free Cosmetics Act. Stakeholders in this issue will be affected both socially and economically by any policy made on animal testing for cosmetics. The stakeholders are cosmetics companies, as this will affect their business, especially the ones who have not already chosen to go cruelty-free. Animal rights activist groups are also stakeholders because they want to see cruelty-free laws passed in all states, especially in Congress, and also want to see Californias law succeed. This social problem is prevalent in the national, state, and local levels of government as they all have the power to pass laws and regulations regarding the use of animal testing in cosmetics. This social problem is in the policy formulation phase because various public policies are being drafted to replace the current laws under the FDC Act. The issue of animal testing has been around for centuries, with the more specific issue of animal testing in cosmetics being around since the mid-1900s. This has become a highly debated social problem, with policy proposals on both sides of the issue, but no significant progress has been made. In order to make an educated decision about the proper policy response, it is necessary to understand the depth of the social and economic impacts that each policy proposition for those for and against animal testing would have on society. Social Analysis Now that the social problem and public policy debate has been presented, it is fitting to conduct an analysis of the social implications of animal testing for cosmetics. Analyzing the issue of animal testing for cosmetics from a sociological perspective is very important because it allows the connections between individual people and the structures of society in which they live in to be evaluated. Applying both the Structural Functionalism Theory and the Conflict Theory is useful in gaining insight on the sociological implications of animal testing for cosmetics. It is also necessary to analyze the social costs and benefits of the policy recommendation on both sides of the issue. To begin a social analysis of animal testing for cosmetics, the Structural Functionalism theory can be applied. Structural Functionalism revolves around the idea of stability. Structural Functionalists view society as stable and well integrated with the social institutions and structures being what is keeping society running (Mckown, 2018). This means that each social institution plays a role in an individuals socialization and therefore has important contributions to society. Family provides a context for reproducing, nurturing, and socializing children; education offers a way to transmit a societys skills, knowledge, and culture to its youth; politics provides a means of governing members of society; economics provides for the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services; and religion provides moral guidance and an outlet for worship of a higher power (Schacht, Knox, and Mooney, 2007). One social institution in this scenario is the government, as the government is expected to pass laws and regulations in response to social problems, including on the safety of cosmetic products and the standard of testing required. Another social institution is the family and peer groups, as they play a major role in the environment that one grew up in and largely helped to shape the morals and values that an individual holds. This includes whether or not one thinks it is morally acceptable to test cosmetic products on animals (Shuppli and Ormandy, 2014). Viewing this social problem through social pathology, this issue is caused by a ?sickness in society, which is caused by issues within the social institutions that lead to improper socialization. In this case, the side that is against the use of animal testing may see the social problem as being caused by improper socialization by family and religion by making it seem as if animal testing is morally just. On the other side, those who are against animal testing for cosmetics may argue that the changing values in the younger generation is a ?sickness causing the increased arguments against animal testing for cosmetics. Viewing this as social disorganization, the macroeconomic viewpoint, rapid change in society is causing problems, which could lead to a state of anomie and a loss of social control (Mckown, 2018). A May 2013 Gallup poll found that 56% of Americans say medical testing on animals is morally acceptable (down from 65% in 2001), with 39% saying it is morally wrong (ProCon, 2016). This is likely due to the fact that younger Americans are less likely to support animal testing in general, which is leading to rapid change in societys viewpoints and causing the increase in the percentage of the public that is against animal testing. This social problem can be further analyzed through the application of the Conflict Theory. The Conflict Theory views society as being characterized by competition and inequality. Theorists believe that society is divided between the dominants (ones who have power) and subordinates (ones without power). The dominant generally want to maintain their power and privilege, either directly or indirectly (McKown, 2018). This applies to the issue of animal testing for cosmetics as the large cosmetic companies are the dominant group, as they have the money and power within the industry. Individual people against animal testing and the animals are a part of the subordinate group, as they have little power. For example, Este Lauder has an estimated 49.05 Billion dollar net worth and is a company that continues to test their products on animals (Macro Trends). Cosmetic companies in the US spend about 16 Billion dollars each year on animal testing, with Este Lauder contributing significantly to that value (Terrance, 2010). Cruelty Free International, the leading non-profit organization working to end animal experimentation, makes significantly less money than these major cosmetic companies like Este Lauder. The non-marxist approach says that social problems arise due to conflicting values and interests. In this scenario, the social problem of animal testing for cosmetics has arisen because the two sides have very different values: one side values cosmetic advancement and does not see the significance of using animals as test subjects, whereas the other side values animal rights and treating all living beings equally (Shatzman, 2018). These different values demonstrate the inequalities in the debate, as it is clear that the cosmetic companies have more power in their impact when compared to the activist groups against animal testing. Furthermore, the social costs and benefits of this social problem must be analyzed to fully understand the social implications of animal testing for cosmetics. If the United States Congress passed the Humane Cosmetics Act making animal testing for cosmetics illegal, the manifest social impacts would be that animals would no longer be used in cosmetic testing and the cosmetic industry would become a cruelty-free industry. However, the latent social impacts could be that individuals will no longer be able to purchase products that they have been using for a duration of time and love due to those products containing ingredients that were tested on animals (The Humane Society, 2015). On the other hand, if the United States Congress passed a law making animal testing for cosmetics legal, the manifest social impacts would be that the use of cosmetic animal testing would increase. However, the latent social impacts could be that the development of technological alternatives will decrease as their will become less of a push for the innovations (Katsnelson, 2013). In conclusion, thinking like a sociologist allows for the impact of animal testing for cosmetics to be better understood. First, it is important to understand the application of the Structural Functionalism Theory and and the impacts of the contributions of specific social structure/institutions on society. The Conflict Theory can also be applied, which analyzes the impact of competition and inequality within society between the dominant and subordinate groups. Lastly, the social costs and benefits should be examined in order to have a full understanding of the social implications on both sides of the problem. To further understand animal testing in the cosmetic industry and the best policy for addressing this social problem, it is also imperative that economic costs and benefits be analyzed.