Inclusive School Communities Essay example -- Inclusion Education Clas

Inclusive School Communities One of the most significant and controversial trends in education today is the inclusion of children and youth with disabilities into general education classrooms. Inclusion refers to the practice of educating all students regardless of disability in the same classroom as students without disabilities. Though the term is relatively new, the underlying principle is not, and reflects the belief that students with disabilities should be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE), or as close to the mainstream of general education as possible. The LRE principle is one of the key components of federal special education law. Advocates of inclusion believe that in most cases, if not all, the LRE for students with disabilities should be the general education classroom, not only for students with mild disabilities but for all students, regardless of the severity of the disability. Inclusion supporters contend that education in the general education classroom will result not only in superior educational outcomes for students with disabilities but also other positive developmental outcomes such as increased socialization (Hunt and Goetz, 1997). Additionally, many advocates of inclusion believe that inclusion not only benefits students with disabilities, but also students without disabilities (Staub, 1995). While proponents of inclusion have often focused on the social benefits for children and youth with disabilities, especially the idea that it promotes social interactions between students with and without disabilities, critics have pointed to the possible disruption that inclusion may have on the overall quality of education for students without disabilities. However, there is litt... ...arson/Allyn and Bacon. Stainback, W. C., & Stainback, S. (1990). Support Networks for Inclusive Schooling: Interdependent Integrated Education. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Staub, D. (1995). Qualitative research on school inclusion: What do we know? What do we need to find out? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, San Fransisco, CA, November 30-December 2, 1995) Staub, D., & Peck, C. A. (1994-1995). What are the outcomes for nondisabled students? Educational Leadership, 52, 36-40. Voeltz, L. M., & Brennan, J. (1983). Analysis of the interactions between nonhandicapped and severely handicapped peers using multiple measures. In Perspectives and Progress in Mental Retardation, ChapterVI: Social Psychology and Educational Aspects, edited by J. M. Berg. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.

Othello/Macbeth Tragic Heroes

A tragic hero, determined by Aristotle, must show a nobility and virtue of a certain magnitude however, their path to happiness should be ceased by their destructive vice (Harmartia- the flaw that eventually leads to their downfall). Peripeteia, the point where the character’s fortune changes, must evoke a state of pity and fear amongst the audience, and give above all, a didactic message.The outcome of this characteristic should result in a complex but sole instigation of both the hero’s Catharsis (a cleansing of emotion which is described by Aristotle as an effect of tragic drama on its audience) and Anagnoris when they reach their moment of realisation. It can be argued that Shakespeare fully abided by these rules in order to make a distinction between his characters’ prosperity and misfortune.Fintan O’Toole (post modernist critic) argues that Othello â€Å"is not tragic, merely pathetic†. However, Othello will be identified as a far greater trag ic hero than Macbeth, illustrating how Shakespeare fully intended on creating a tragically heroic character such as Othello. As the play progresses, Othello’s monumental Harmartia is gradually revealed; his sense of inherent jealousy is implemented by Iago, the Machiavellian villain, and his gullibility makes him susceptible to it.Once he becomes convinced that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful, his jealousy does indeed feed itself just as Iago ironically warns, â€Å"the green eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on† (Iago- Act 3 Scene 1), leading to the hero’s monstrous behaviour. The apparent alliteration, â€Å"death and damnation† (Act 3 Scene 3) and â€Å"waked wrath† (Act 3 Scene 3), reveals the great influence that Iago has upon Othello as his linguistic eloquence and his mental state rapidly collapse, resulting in both his use of evil imagery in language and in action, the murder of Desdemona.The hubris, argued by Helen Gardner ( in 20th century) â€Å"is heroic because Othello acts from inner necessity†, appearing to show Othello’s desire to remake the world into a better place, an act that is heroic â€Å"in its absoluteness†. This admission of ethical duty perhaps may have encouraged a contemporary audience to pity Othello as his act, although terrible in itself, is nevertheless wonderful in its own manner of righteousness. Othello therefore appears to be more honourable since his wrong doing was out of love and not of hatred, something for which Gardener seems to forgive Othello.A contemporary audience would argue that gender also plays an important role in Othello as men were regarded as stronger and wiser, making it more forgivable of Othello. However, a 21st century audience would view women as equally as important as men, showing that Desdemona’s murder was underserved and unforgivable of Othello. Dr Johnson (1765) declared that Othello was a â€Å"very useful moral†, as the protagonist shows how one can be stifled by naivete; the repetition of â€Å"honest Iago†, the external forces of evil, combine to cause Othello’s tragic manifestation and thus, his downfall.Macbeth’s Hamartia is his lust for power that eventually and unsurprisingly leads into his downfall. Arthur Kirsch (1984) highlights Macbeth’s â€Å"emptiness of his desires and the insatiability of his aspirations†. Macbeth becomes infatuated with the witches’ prophecy as he soon discovers how real it is, allowing him to be somewhat fixated on the idea of murdering the King and soon after, Banquo. â€Å"Macbeth does murder sleep†- the use of third person indicates the exponential deterioration of his mental state after killing an innocent King, as a result of his unquenchable thirst for power; essentially in itself more than one of the seven vices.Both Iago and Macbeth in this case, are the embodiment of the vices, both jealousy and gre ed, as opposed to Othello, who is only influenced by the vice itself. J. A Bryant (1961) argues that, â€Å"Macbeth is a wholly negative character who possesses the capacity for good but chooses to commit evil instead†, illustrating that his ulterior motive wasn’t for the good or righteous, as opposed to Othello, but for the selfish rise to power, evidently making him less of a tragic hero; he merely chooses evil because it works to his own advantage rather than making the world into a ‘better’ place.Both a Shakespearean and a modern audience would believe that Macbeth, like the Devil, has willed himself into a desperate position whereby he is captive of nothing except the providence he chose to ignore. In fact, a further aspect of his Hamartia is arguably his supposed lack of masculinity that he is constantly belittled and ridiculed for by Lady Macbeth. The use of a rhetorical question in â€Å"Are you a man? † indicates her ability to manipulate h im into believing that he is not ‘strong’ enough to murder.This too, plays an important but yet, not as dominant, role in Macbeth’s downfall. The second element combined to create a tragic hero is Peripeteia where the downfall from a virtuous status to a catastrophic one is evident. Regardless of however many times Othello is referred to as the â€Å"Moor† by Iago, a derogatory term used to highlight his race, a Shakespearean audience will still be amazed by his aristocratic virtue as he possesses the verbal eloquence to assert to the signiors in the rule of three adjectives as â€Å"potent, grave and reverend†.In Act 3 Scene 3 however, Othello makes more references to the â€Å"devil†; a reflection of Iago’s evil nature being imparted upon him, as â€Å"goats and monkeys† are images that connote the devil. His eloquence of poetry in Act 1 is in stark contrast to his rather barbaric and politically incorrect behaviour in Act 3, particularly to a 21st century audience as his act of â€Å"striking her† (Desdemona) across the face is an incredulous act that is totally unacceptable to feminists now but may have been deemed as common or even deserved to a contemporary audience of the 16th century.His affection dramatically changes towards Desdemona and it can be argued that Othello â€Å"allows manipulation and jealousy to lead to his self-destruction†- Tasha Kelley (2010) Othello simply cannot help the jealousy that he feels within him, no matter how much of an influence Iago is upon him. At this point, Othello is entirely convinced and absolute in the killing of his wife; the use of hyperbolic language in â€Å"I’ll tear her all to pieces† emphasises his sheer mercilessness since â€Å"all† of Desdemona will be killed.Unlike Othello, Macbeth changes rather early on in the play, and the only real evidence that the audience sees of his nobility is what others say about him. In Act 1 Scene 2 Duncan expresses, â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman†; the use of positive adjectives to describe Macbeth would give both a Shakespearean and modern audience a good impression of Macbeth even before he is revealed in the play.On the other hand, current and contemporary audiences would also notice that the other characters in Macbeth are the ones who prove Macbeth’s honorary class, and not he for himself. After one consecutive scene, Macbeth’s Peripeteia is extremely abrupt that it can be portrayed as almost non-existent. â€Å"If Chance will have me King, Why Chance may crown me, Without my stir†- immediately one gains the impression of his violent underlying tone that is implied by the use of the word â€Å"stir†, revealing to a contemporary audience that his destructive intentions are intrinsic.According to Aristotle, there must be a clear distinction between the character’s prosperity and misfortune; Macbeth, as a tra gic hero, does not condition himself to these rules religiously enough and it therefore, can be argued that his downfall is far too early on in the play for an audience to fully grasp his nobility. Whereas, Othello’s greatness is explored thoroughly for two whole Acts, allowing an audience of any time period, to understand that his noble qualities are innate.A contemporary audience, for example, would understand the reason for Othello’s downfall much better than they would with that of Macbeth’s as the play enables him to develop as a character and thus, show his true intentions, which are in this case, to love and protect Desdemona. Alas, an alternative interpretation of Macbeth of a Shakespearean audience would be that he is an incessantly complacent man who, by all means, allows arrogance to corrupt his mind even in the first scene of the play.The most famous of quotes where Macbeth visualises a dagger, represents his wavering resolve and lust for power that slowly descends into his madness. â€Å"Is this a dagger, which I see before me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Act 1 Scene 7, the use of a rhetorical question illustrates Macbeth’s hallucination of seeing an object that is clearly not there, which in comparison is a major downfall for someone who was deemed to be â€Å"valiant† at the start of the play.Susan Snyder (1994) states that â€Å"the play provides no answers to the questions it raises about the relative culpability of the witches’ equivocal predictions and Macbeth’s potential to commit murder†. Evidently, there is no real justification or distinction in Macbeth’s downfall other than his sick ambitious need for power. The third criterion that qualifies a tragic hero is Anagnorisis, where the protagonist acknowledges his/her own flaw that has led them to their downfall.After all the accusations and trauma that Desdemona has been through, her last and most angelic words being, â€Å"Commend me to my kind lord- O, farewell! † This suggests that she is a saint for forgiving all that Othello has done to her and shows just how much she loved Othello; a contemporary audience would ultimately feel pity for her as she is not the one to blame. However, a different view of Desdemona and what she represents has emerged over recent years amongst modern audiences; feminist and new historic critics haveexamined her character in relation to the society she moves in. Marilyn French (1982), explores the masculine and misogynistic value system within Othello, and despite Desdemona’s assertiveness in choosing her own husband, French emphasises that Desdemona â€Å"must be obedient to males† and is â€Å"self-denying in the extreme† thus when she dies she is a stereotype of female passivity. Once killing Desdemona, Othello begins to express his sincere remorse for his wrongdoing through the repetition of alliteration.The use of alliteration in â€Å"Cursed, cursed† and â€Å"cold, cold†, Act 5 Scene 2, reveals how ashamed he is with himself for committing such a crime as he is emphasising it through the repetition of consonance sound â€Å"c†, and above all, goes closer to prove his tragic hero status. Through his two speeches, Othello is able to elaborate on the fact that he is wrapped with guilt; the rhyming couplet of: â€Å"I kissed thee ere I killed thee: no way by this, Killing myself, to die upon a kiss. † epitomises his Anagnoris as he realises his sheer love for Desdemona with what remains within him, a flare of eloquence.In stark contrast, there is no real evidence of Macbeth’s Anagnoris, and in fact, he behaves rather arrogantly about the witches’ predictions because he believes that no real harm will happen to him. In Act 5 Scene 3, Macbeth expresses a very short speech in which no lamenting or mourning is apparent; â€Å"I have lived long enough; my way of life Is fall’n into the searà ¢â‚¬  is but a mere acknowledgement of his circumstances rather than realisation of his tragic flaw. A Shakespearean audience would notice that perhaps Macbeth has not fully repented for his mistake and is therefore, in terms of Aristotle, not a true, classified tragic hero.Macbeth is determined to continue fighting for his life whereas traditionally a tragic hero, such as Othello, should ultimately understand their downfall in exchange for their life. In Act 5 Scene 5, Macbeth does in fact have the verbal eloquence to express himself even in a state of supposed despair. The use of personification in â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow† reinforces the state of his ignorance to register his own wrong doing and therefore, both a modern and contemporary audience can advocate that they do not feel the same sympathy as they do for Othello.Finally, the last criterion of a tragic hero is Catharsis; the point at which the tragic hero cleanses his heart and the audience’s too. Othello, despite all that he has been through, returns to the articulate and passionate man, and for that, an audience can feel as though the previous trauma of Desdemona’s death combined with his own wicked imagery is obliterated and washed from them. â€Å"And very sea-mark of my utmost sail† is an example of how Othello is able to speak in iambic pentameter even in such a horrific mental state, reinforcing an audience’s perception of how truly noble and titled he is.Most honourably, he is not afraid of killing himself in the name of love; he simply â€Å"kisses Desdemona, and dies†, making him appear as more of a tragic hero than Macbeth, who fights to live on. He leaves the audience feeling bereaved and pitiful because, despite his jealousy, he ‘loved Desdemona too well’, a crime that was surely too harshly punished. Although, Macbeth’s death is rather less tragic and more heroic in the sense that he refused to kill himself b y â€Å"falling on my sword†; an audience would regard him as more honourable towards himself.Before Malcolm kills him, he partly recognises his wrong doing in the little speech that he gives; â€Å"Of all men else I have avoided thee: But get thee back, my soul is too much charg’d With blood of thine already†. Irrespective of the fact that Macbeth didn’t kill himself as he should have done, the imagery of â€Å"blood† reveals the extent of which Macbeth fights like a true soldier till the end. Unfortunately, as a modern audience, we cannot feel the same sympathy as we do for Othello as he neither recognises his flaw nor kills himself because of it; an imperative required for a true tragic hero.Macbeth is a rapid play that does not allow the main protagonist to develop as a character and for that reasoning; Macbeth lacks many of the imperative qualities needed within a tragic hero such as Peripeteia and Anagnorisis. Without a single doubt, Othello is one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragic heroes as fought for by Helen Gardner and Dr Johnson, regardless of Fintan O’Toole’s perception of Othello being â€Å"merely pathetic†. We can advocate otherwise that in fact Othello fulfils all four criterias of Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero.

Rene Descartes And Kant - 1013 Words

As with many philosophers worth studying, a common theme present amongst Renà © Descartes, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant is the fact that all three philosophers challenged the traditional ways of thinking about philosophy respective to their eras. In certain aspects, all three of these philosophers also grappled with understanding, discovering, and logically explaining the power of the mind to shape whole truths. From Descartes’ foundational work with methodological doubt to Kant’s contribution to previous philosophical concepts such as synthetic judgments, all three men made undeniably valuable advances in epistemological thought despite the occasional controversies associated with their forward thinking during their time. Descartes In†¦show more content†¦This task is accomplished by proving that God is not a deceiver in his third meditation. Descartes does this by acknowledging that it would be impossible for him to exist without the existence of God seeing that the idea of God is within him, to begin with. According to Descartes, since God possesses perfections that cannot be comprehended, but â€Å"only be touched with thought†, by the nature of his light, deception, which is a flaw, cannot exist. Remembering that Descartes started with a hypothesis that God is a deceiver, therefore nothing can be free of doubt, we see how the third meditation invalidates that initial hypothesis. Hume Shifting from Descartes’ rationalist approach to things lies Hume and his empiricist approach to understanding our world. As expected of an empirical ideology, Hume believes that all ideas are generated from impressions. According to Hume’s philosophy, impressions are defined as lively and forceful sensations. Hume relied heavily on the idea of cause and effect throughout his work. According to Hume, cause and effect can be easily understood as one thing not being possible without the other. With that in mind, when it comes to ideas about God, Hume suggests that it is theShow MoreRelatedCartesian Rationalism Vs. Locke s Empiricism Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesName Institution INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Cartesian rationalism vs. Locke’s empiricism Rene Descartes was a rationalist who believed that knowledge of the world can be gained by the exercise of pure reason, while empiricist like Locke believed that knowledge of the world came through senses. Descartes from his meditations deduced from intuitive first principles the existence of self, of God, of the mind as a thinking substance and the extendedRead MoreAnimal Rights : Respect And Feelings Are Within All Living Things1501 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophers that will agree and there will be those that do not agree. 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St. Anselm of Canterbury proposed the first and most well known ontological argument in 1078 in his Proslogion, but it was actually Immanuel Kant, an 18th century German philosopher, who first called the argument â€Å"ontological.† In his argument, Anselm defines God as â€Å"that than which nothing greater can be conceived.† This can be interpreted as defining â€Å"God† as maximal perfection, or theRead MorePrejudice, Prejudice And Prejudice1074 Words   |  5 PagesGadamer s point is encapsulated by Immanuel Kant s definition of â€Å"Enlightenment† as â€Å"the emancipation from a gross prejudice.†5 According to Kant, prejudice is any kind of fixed idea whose validity has not been justified. These include habit, custom, and upbringing. Kant then contends that â€Å"the maxim of unprejudiced thought [is] to think for one s self.†6 In other words, one s upbringing tends to unconsciously influence judgment. Renà © Descartes, one of Kant s predecessors, expresses a similar denunciation

Scotland’s Jacobite Rebellion Key Dates and Figures

The Jacobite Rebellions were a series of uprisings aimed at restoring James VII of the House of Stuart and his successors to the throne of Great Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries. The rebellions commenced when James VII fled England, and the Dutch Protestant William of Orange and Mary II assumed the monarchy. The Jacobites supported James’ claim to the throne, though over the decades, failed economic pursuits, aggressive taxation, religious conflicts, and a general desire for independence created a sense of resentment toward the English monarchy, and the Jacobite cause became an outlet for this resentment.   Fast Facts: Jacobite Rebellions Short Description: The Jacobite Rebellions were a series of 17th and 18th century uprisings in Scotland intended to restore the Catholic James VII and his heirs to the throne of Great Britain.  Key Players/Participants: James VII of Scotland and II of England and his heirs; William of Orange and Mary II of England; George I of Great BritainEvent Start Date: January 22, 1689  Event End Date: April 16, 1746  Location: Scotland and England Contemporary reiterations of the Jacobite rebellions often mix fact with fiction, pitting Catholic Scottish Highlanders against Protestant English soldiers, when in a reality, the Hanoverian army that defeated the Jacobites at Culloden was made up of more Scots than English. The Jacobite Rebellions were a series of complicated socio-political events across Great Britain* and Europe, culminating in a permanent shift in governance and the end of the Highland way of life. What Is a Jacobite? The term Jacobite comes from the Latin form of the name James, the Stuart king to whom the Jacobites pledged their loyalty. James VII, a Catholic, took the throne of Great Britain in 1685, alarming the English parliament, which feared a renewed Catholic monarchy. A few months after the birth of James VII’s heir, William of Orange and Mary II, supported by the English parliament, arrived in London to seize the throne. James VII fled London, which the English parliament declared as a forfeiture of power. Vowing to uphold Protestantism, William and Mary became joint monarchs of Great Britain. Key Figures James VII of Scotland II of England: King of Great Britain from 1685 until 1689 and the man for whom the Jacobite cause was named.William of Orange: King of Great Britain from 1689 until his death in 1702.  Mary II:   Oldest daughter of James VII and Queen of England from 1689 until her death in 1694. Mary II served as a joint monarch alongside her husband, William of Orange, after her father fled to Italy. First Jacobite Rising (1689) The first Jacobite rebellion began in May 1689, four months after James VII was deposed, when the Jacobite army, comprised mostly of Scottish Highlanders, took control of the town of Perth, a victory that fueled the Jacobite movement. Though the Jacobites saw several early victories, they were unable to capture Dunkeld, a discouraging loss. In May 1690, government soldiers attacked a Jacobite encampment during the night, killing 300 men. After the attack, Fort William—renamed to honor the Dutch king—was expanded, increasing the presence of government soldiers in the Highlands. Two months later, William’s forces destroyed James VII’s incoming fleet at the Battle of the Boyne off the coast of Ireland. James VII returned to France, ending the first Jacobite Rebellion. Key Dates and Events May 10, 1689: The newly raised Jacobite army descends onto the city of Perth, jump-starting the first Jacobite Rebellion.August 21, 1689: Jacobite forces are unable to take the city of Dunkeld, a defeat that disheartened and disbanded the Jacobites. Small groups of loyal Jacobites remained scattered throughout the Highlands.  May 1, 1690: Government soldiers lead a surprise attack on a Jacobite encampment, killing 300 men, a devastating loss for the Jacobites.July 1, 1690: William of Orange defeats James VII at the Battle of the Boyne, sending James back to France and ending the First Jacobite Rising.  Ã‚   Second Jacobite Rising (1690 – 1715) During the 1690s, poor weather conditions led to continued failed harvest, and economic growth in Scotland remained stagnant. William was increasingly unpopular, particularly in the Highlands after the Glencoe Massacre in 1692. His successor, Anne, prioritized the preservation of England against foreign adversaries over the interests of the Scots, doing little to quell dissent in the Highlands. Anne died in 1714, passing the crown to a foreign king, George I. Key Figures Anne, Queen of Great Britain: Monarch of Great Britain from 1702 until her death in 1714. Anne outlived all of her children, leaving her without an heir.  Ã‚  George I: First Hanoverian monarch of Great Britain who ruled from 1714 to 1727; Anne’s second cousin.  James Francis Edward Stuart: Son of James VII, heir to the throne of Great Britain. James became known as the â€Å"Old Pretender† and the â€Å"King across the Water.†Ã‚   Rallied by the transition of governance, the Jacobite standard was raised, and James Francis, son of James VII, called on Louis XIV of France, to supply an army to the cause. Louis’ death in 1715 stifled French support for the Jacobites, and the army was forced to contend with Hanoverian government forces alone, with James stuck in France.   Hanoverian soldiers clashed with the Jacobites on November 13, 1715. The battle was considered a draw, but a Jacobite retreat turned it into a Hanoverian victory, ending the second Jacobite Rebellion.   Key Dates and Events February 1692: The Massacre of Glencoe; as punishment for refusing to declare loyalty to the Protestant king, William’s government slaughters the McDonalds of Glencoe, creating a martyr for the Jacobite cause.  Ã‚  June 1701: The Act of Settlement passes, preventing any Roman Catholic from assuming the monarchy.September 1701: James VII dies, leaving James Francis as the claimant to the throne.March 1702: William dies, passing the crown to Queen Anne.  July 1706: The Treaty of Union passes, dissolving the Scottish parliament.  August 1714: Queen Anne dies, and George I becomes king.  September 1715: The Jacobite standard is raised, pending the arrival of James and a French army.November 1715: The Battle of Sheriffmuir; the battle ends in a draw, but a Jacobite retreat converts the battle into a government victory and ends the Second Jacobite Rebellion.  December 1715: James arrives in Scotland. He spends two months in Scotland before returning, defeated, to France.  Ã‚   Third Jacobite Rising (1716-1719) Spain instigated the third Jacobite Rebellion, knowing a domestic crisis would draw English attention from the European continent, allowing Spain to reclaim territory lost during the War of Spanish Succession. An ally in Scotland would also link Spain with the Swedish fleet in the North Sea, so King Philip V of Spain invited James to collect a fleet of ships and sail for Scotland from Spain’s northern coast. Nearly 5.000 Spanish soldiers left to fight for James, but the fleet was devastated by a storm in the Bay of Biscay. The surviving 300 Spanish soldiers joined a force of 700 Jacobites, but the army was destroyed by government forces at the Battle of Glenshiel.   James returned to Italy to marry Maria Clementina Sobieska, a wealthy Polish princess. On December 31, 1720, Maria gave birth to the Charles Edward Stuart.   Key Dates and Events June 1719: The Spanish-Jacobite military force seizes Eileen Donan Castle in the western Highlands.  September 1719: Hanoverian forces retake Eileen Donan Castle, forcing the Spanish to surrender and the Jacobites to retreat, ending the 1719 rising. Maria Clementina Sobieska marries James.  December 1720: Maria Clementina gives birth to Charles Edward Stuart, heir apparent and claimant to the throne of Great Britain. Final Jacobite Rising 1720-1745 According to legend, the fourth and final Jacobite Rebellion, known as the Forty-Five, started with an ear. Richard Jenkins, a ship captain from Glasgow, claimed to have had his ear cut off by the Spanish while trading in the Caribbean, a violation of the agreement between Great Britain and Spain. Great Britain declared war on Spain, starting the War of Jenkins Ear. At the same time, the War of Austrian Succession erupted across Europe, consuming peripheral conflicts, including the War of Jenkins Ear. Louis XV of France attempted to distract the British with a Jacobite rising in Scotland, led by the 23-year-old Charles Edward Stuart.   Key Figures Charles Edward Stuart: Son of James Francis, heir apparent and claimant to the throne of Great Britain; also known as the Young Pretender and the Bonnie Prince Charlie.William, Duke of Cumberland: Youngest son of King George II; also known as Butcher Cumberland. He led government forces in the victory over the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden. After a storm destroyed Charles’ French fleet, Louis XV revoked support for the Jacobite cause. Charles pawned the famed Sobieska Rubies to pay for two ships, though one was decommissioned by a British warship immediately after departing for Scotland. Undeterred, Charles and the single remaining ship arrived in Scotland, raising the Jacobite standard. The army, made up mostly of impoverished Scottish and Irish farmers, spent the autumn collecting victories, seizing Edinburgh in September 1745. After taking Edinburgh, Charles’ counsel advised that he stay in Scotland while the Hanoverian army continued the war in Europe, but Charles marched on, intent on taking London. The Jacobites reached Derby before the Hanoverians descended, forcing a retreat. With the government army led by the Duke of Cumberland not far behind, the Jacobites marched north toward Inverness, the capital of the Highlands and the most important Jacobite stronghold. On April 16, 1746, after a failed surprise attack against Cumberland’s army, Charles ordered the exhausted Jacobites troops into the middle of Culloden Moor, where they faced a force nearly twice the size of their own. In less than an hour, the entire Jacobite force was butchered, and Charles fled the battle in tears before it had ended.   Key Dates and Events October 1739: Britain declares war on Spain, igniting the War of Jenkins Ear.December 1740: War of Austrian Succession absorbs peripheral conflicts, including the War of Jenkins Ear, and the European continent plunged into battle. Great Britain supports Austria, while Spain, Prussia, and France band together.  June 1743: Louis XV pledges support for the Jacobite cause.  December 1743: James names Charles â€Å"Prince Regent,† tasking the Young Pretender with the Jacobite cause.  February 1744: A storm sinks most of Charles’ French fleet, and Louis XV revokes his support for the Jacobites.  June 1745: Charles leaves France, armed with two ships and 700 soldiers. A waiting English warship badly damages one of these ships, forcing it to retreat, but the Bonnie Prince continues on.  July 1745: Charles arrives in Scotland.August 1745: The Glenfinnan Standard is raised for the Bonnie Prince at Loch Shiel.  September 1745: The Jacobites capture Edinburgh and march toward London.  December 1745: With three different Hanoverian forces closing in on troops in Derby, just north of London, the Jacobites retreat toward Scotland, much to the chagrin of Charles.  January 1746: The Jacobites win their final victory against government forces in Falkirk before withdrawing to Inverness, the most important Jacobite stronghold.  April 1746: The exhausted Jacobites lose a bloody battle on Culloden Muir, ending the Jacobite Rebellion permanently. Charles flees before the battle is finished.   Aftermath To ensure another rising would never occur, the Duke of Cumberland dispatched soldiers across the Highlands to find, imprison, and execute any suspected Jacobites. In London, Parliament passed the Disarming Act of 1746, banning the tartan, bagpipes, and the Gaelic language, destroying the Highlander way of life. The Hanoverian government implemented a system of forfeiture, confiscating private lands of suspected Jacobites and repurposing them for agriculture. This system, which became known as the Highland Clearances, lasted for nearly a century. A few months after the defeat at Culloden, Charles fled the country disguised as a woman. He died in Rome in 1788. *This article uses the term â€Å"Great Britain† to identify the regions of Ireland, Scotland, England, and Wales.   Sources Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Jacobites. National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.  Highland and Jacobite Collection. Inverness Museum and Art Gallery, Inverness, UK.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jacobites.†Ã‚  A History of Scotland, by Neil Oliver, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2009, pp. 288–322.Richards, Eric.  The Highland Clearances: People, Landlords and Rural Turmoil. Birlinn, 2016.Sinclair, Charles.  A Wee Guide to the Jacobites. Goblinshead, 1998.â€Å"The Jacobite Risings and the Highlands.†Ã‚  A Short History of Scotland, by R.L. Mackie, Oliver and Boyd, 1962, pp. 233–256.The Jacobites. West Highland Museum, Fort William, UK.  Visitor’s Centre Museum. Culloden Battlefield, Inverness, UK.

Cultural Adaptations Of Nursing Care - 1951 Words

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Oscar Wao Domincan Irony Free Essays

Question: The Gangster, unlike many of the men in the book, is friendly, and treats Beli like a woman. However, his action creates an irony in the book. Explain. We will write a custom essay sample on Oscar Wao: Domincan Irony or any similar topic only for you Order Now Answer: Many of the man in the book have been rude toward the girls in the book. They thought that their action is the right thing to do, since they have the Dominican Pride. All they really cared about was their appearance as a muchacha figure, and did not care for the girls’ feeling or needs. When â€Å"gangster† steps in after Beli had a rough time with Jack who used her as nothing but as a toy; Beli starts to feel a feeling of love. Gangster treats her differently, buying her gifts, treating her to nice restaurants, and taking her out to places. He even opens his heart up and tells her, about the hardship and torment he is going through. Due to his actions, she realizes she loves him, since no man has ever appreciated her or opened up so much before in her life. His actions create an irony; and the actions differ from everything we have encountered about the Dominican Culture so far. However, the real irony kicks in as Beli realizes that gangster has a habit of disappearing for days or weeks on end without notice. When he comes back, she persists about where he has been, and about their marriage, however, gangster does not give her any answers back. When Gangster takes Beli out for a trip, to relax, Beli is extremely happy. During the trip, gangster tells Beli that he wants to be free, creating an ironic moment as he goes back and forth between a gentleman, and a muchacha. However, when she returns home she realizes that she is pregnant, and the reader anticipates for the dramatic irony that will be created, as soon as gangster makes his decision about sticking with being a gentleman and staying with Beli, or leave her and the baby, like the other Dominican men. How to cite Oscar Wao: Domincan Irony, Papers

Student Should Not Take Part in Politics free essay sample

Should students take part in politics? This is a very crucial question that stands posed before the student community of our country the very word ‘students gapes the scope of their activities. A student is one which studies and study he should all and everything. He should keep himself abreast of all knowledge, of all aspects of national and international problems. He should know what is happening where and why. Be the American scene, or the Russian action, or the Pakistan Coup or the World Trade Fair or the Olympics to be held in Sydney or for that matter anything that happens within the country or without, must interest young student. He would be really justifying his time and energy in gaining more and more knowledge from more and more sources. He should know all about politics too, what politics is, what the political parties within the country are planning and doing. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Should Not Take Part in Politics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They have every right to form their own opinion and their impressions, even to discuss or debate on them in their seminars, symposia or mock-parliaments. But the moment they think of entering active politics they lose the aim and purpose of their career and suffer a diversion and a distraction which can mar their objectives. The aim of education is to give a student adequate knowledge and to equip him intellectually and morally of face the challenges of life. The game of politics, as in our country or for that matter in any country has its own rough and tumble. Ethical and moral considerations take a backseat in this game and the personality of a man at all moments remains charged with manipulative motives and dubious designs. There is a constant craze for grabbing power by whatever means possible — foul or fair. Students have not entered the portals of a University or a College to play such a game. This is the time for them to learn as much as they can and raise their intellectual level. Political activity would blunt this desire of theirs and would snatch away from them that precious time which they have at their disposal. At least, so far as our country is concerned, political parties are ready to spread out their nets to catch the youth as they are youthful and energetic. For arranging rallies or even for enlarging the scope of their influence they can even mate students the tool in organising strikes and ‘bandhs’ — even agitations and strikes in their institutions. Students have to guard themselves against being made tools in this manner. This premature activity on their part can jeopardise the basic object for which they have come to an educational institution. Those interested in bringing the student power in active politics can argue that the age for exercising franchise has been reduced to eighteen years only to give the young to play their active role. Let them vote, let them exercise the right vested in them, but let them stay away for some years more from the lust of power and let them mature themselves to carry the torch. Even the student unions in educational institutions and their elections are ridden with politics and the political parties and support candidates to create a base for themselves. All this is playing with fire, and is the undoing far vibrant generation. Those who are so maneuvering would realise and understand that these young men and women are also sons and daughters of some radians are spending their hard earned money to make their children gain maturity and responsibility. Let them not be misled to waste that money and that energy that these young men can fruitfully employ in making themselves ‘students’ in the real sense of the word. Let these young men and women learn the lessons of discipline, devotion and dedication with the singleness of purpose — for thereafter the whole span of life lies before them. Let them become the disciplined leaders of a disciplined nation at the proper time.